What does IEEE citation and referencing style look like?Academic Integrity
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While you may not write as many essays in the Sciences or Engineering as you would in Social Science or Humanities courses, you will be completing reports and projects. All written work requires citations and references. Different professors may require different styles and formats. Always check with your instructor about the preferred style and format. NOTE: Most Health Sciences courses use the APA format for citations and references.
What is IEEE and who uses it?
IEEE is an association that represents and encourages communication among professionals working in fields involving anything to do with electrical, electronic, and computing engineering, as well as other related areas of science and technology.
The IEEE method of documentation is used in many engineering courses, but always check with your instructor regarding specific course requirements.
What does IEEE citation and referencing style look like?
IEEE citations use a number within a bracket that corresponds to a source in your references list. All sources used are listed in the order that they appear in the assignment. The first citation used is listed as [1]. The following citations are listed in the order used. If you use a citation twice, simply use the corresponding number again (don't give it a new number). Place the citation exactly where you use that source, even if it is mid-sentence.
How is IEEE different from other referencing and citation styles?
Unlike other styles, the IEEE references list sorts the references numerically (in the order used in your essay), not alphabetically.
TIP: All styles require both citations and a reference list.
The Council of Science Editors (CSE), formerly known as the Council of Biology Editors (CBE), uses three different styles:
A. Name-year In-text citations placed inside parentheses (brackets). The bibliography lists the sources alphabetically at the end of the research paper.
B. Citation-Sequence (C-S) system uses a superscript number for each citation within the text, starting at 1. Then list each source in the reference list numerically according to the order that they are used within the text. Numbers are placed before punctuation, and there is a space before and after the superscript citation except when followed by punctuation as shown here: 1,3-5,12. The same number is used for all in-text references to the same document. In other words, if you use the same source more than once, the in-text reference number is the same every time.
C. The Citation-Name (C-N) system requires you to list all of your references in the References list in alphabetical order by author and then by title. References are then numbered in this order. When you use or cite that reference in the text, insert the reference number in superscript form, e.g., 1,5-6,18. Note that this is different from the Citation-Sequence style because the sources are numbered in alphabetical order, not by order of occurrence in the essay or report.
What does CSE style look like?
Here is an example of the name-year format: (McMillan et al., 2008).
How does CSE style compare with other scientific citation and referencing styles?
This style accepts three different formats.
What is ACS and who uses it?
ACS citation and referencing formats are used mainly in Chemistry courses. Many UOIT professors may have a preference as to a citation style, so it is important to ask instructors about their expectations for citations and referencing.
ACS accepts two different styles:
A. A name-year in-text citation looks similar to APA and CSE styles (McMillan et al., 2008). When using the name-year style, your reference list is in alphabetical order at the end of your document.
B. Numbered citations: Your first citation is numbered 1. Each time you use that source, you use 1 as your citation. The numbers are either superscript (SHOW) or placed inside brackets and italicized (1). In your reference list, your sources are numbered and listed in the order you used them in the essay or project.
For example:
Many bacteria and fungi show the ability to oxidize exocellular glucose and gluconic acid to 2-OGcA12.
Many bacteria and fungi show the ability to oxidize exocellular glucose and gluconic acid to 2-OGcA (12).
In the numbered citations method, your reference list will include all your sources in the order that you use them in your essay. This is similar to the IEEE method or the Citation-Sequence Method of the CSE style.
AIP style is used mainly in Physics courses. Many UOIT professors may have a preference as to the citation and reference style they want you to use, so it is important to clarify their expectations for citations and referencing. AIP references are very brief and use abbreviations for the titles of journals. 
TIP: Meet with your professor before using these abbreviations to ensure they are acceptable.
What does AIP style look like?
According to the AIP website, there are two ways to format your citations and references.
A. By number, in order of first appearance in the essay. In the reference list, number the source (in the order it was used), then give the names of the authors, the journal name, volume, first page number only, and year, as in: 19 L. M. Pecora, T. L. Carroll, G. A. Johnson, D.J. Mar, and J. F. Heagy, Chaos 7, 520 (1997).
In the body of the essay, cite the source as 19 or Ref. 19 at the point where the information is used.This source will be cited as "Pecora et al. (1997)." If there are several papers by the same author(s) and the same year, they should be distinguished by letters, as in (1997a).
B. In alphabetical order according to the first author's last name; also include the title of the paper cited, journal name, volume, first and last page, and year, as in: Pecora, L. M., Carroll, T. L., Johnson, G. A., Mar, D. J., and Heagy, J. F., "Fundamentals of synchronization in chaotic systems, concepts, and applications," Chaos 7, 520-543 (1997).
Number references according to their alphabetical order. In the body of the essay, the source is cited by its number in the reference list.
How does AIP style compare with other scientific styles?
AIP is different in that it is acceptable to use one of two different styles.
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