Academic Integrity
Learning Modules
In general, fields that study human society rather than the natural sciences, and use aspects of scientific method (both quantitative and qualitative methodologies) to
conduct research, are considered to be social sciences (i.e., psychology, legal studies, political science, communication, sociology, economics). Humanities courses, in general, refer to those courses (such as, languages, literature, philosophy, religion, and so on) that primarily use critical or speculative methodologies as opposed to empirical methods. Some fields can fall into either social sciences or humanities, such as history, communication studies, law, linguistics, and so on.
No matter what field you are studying, you must always follow a precise style of writing and documentation. The main styles for courses in social sciences and humanities are APA (American Psychological Association), CMS (Chicago Manual Style), McGill Guide, and MLA (Modern Language Association). Courses in Health Sciences or Business and Information Technology most often use one of the styles from social sciences and humanities.
Don't forget—ALWAYS check with your course instructor about what style guide to use.
APA style includes in-text citations and a reference list.
• The In-text citation is placed in the body of your essay where you use the information from the source(s):
(Hunt, Rayside & Short, 2014).
• The In-text citation for a direct quotation also includes the page number:
(Hunt, Rayside & Short, 2014, p. 171).
• The reference list appears at the end of the essay or assignment and includes the full bibliographic information of all citations in your essay or assignment. References are listed in alphabetical order and each reference is formatted with a hanging indent.
Can you show me an example of an in-text citation with APA?
Here is one example using a citation for paraphrased information:
Since the 1990s, Canadians have become increasingly more supportive of various equality rights for sexual minorities, including: employment equity, marriage and adoption rights for same-sex couples (Hunt, Rayside & Short, 2014).
Another way of integrating a citation is with a signal phrase, like this:
Hunt, Rayside and Short (2014) argue that since the 1990s, Canadians have become increasingly more supportive of various equality rights for sexual minorities, including: employment equity, marriage and adoption rights for same-sex couples.
Remember to check a guidebook for the details on the different formats for different types of sources and circumstances.
What to include in the reference list will be different depending on the type of source you are using (i.e., book, journal article, newspaper article, edited book, website, etc.). In general, you always include the author's name and first initial (if there is more than one author, include all the names), the year of publication, the article and/or book title, place of publication, and publisher (if it is a book). If the source is a journal article, you also need to include the name of the journal and the DOI number (if it is available). Other sources will include other information.
For quotes 40 words or under in length, you simply put quotation marks around the exact words you are quoting.
Hunt, Rayside and Short (2014) argue that since the 1990s, Canadians have become increasingly more supportive of various equality rights for sexual minorities, including: employment equity, marriage and adoption rights for same-sex couples. "By the mid-2000s, over 90 per cent favoured equal rights for lesbians and gays in regard to job opportunities, about two-thirds supported civil unions for same-sex couples, and well over half favoured civil marriage" (Hunt, Rayside & Short, 2014, p. 171 ).
For quotes that are longer than 40 words, you must indent the direct quote and you do not use quotation marks:
Hunt, Rayside and Short (2014) argue that since the 1990s, Canadians have become increasingly more supportive of various equality rights for sexual minorities, including: employment equity, marriage and adoption rights for same-sex couples. They note that:
These shifts in attitude became most evident in the ways Canadians began to lean more strongly towards equal rights for sexual minorities. By the mid-2000s, over 90 per cent favoured equal rights for lesbians and gays in regard to job opportunities, about two-thirds supported civil unions for same-sex couples, and well over half favoured civil marriage. Adoption rights evoked more ambivalence, with the population about evenly split, but this too represented an enormous change over the previous twenty years (p. 171).
CMS is different from APA and MLA styles because it uses footnotes or endnotes instead of parenthetical or in-text citations.
When you want to indicate a source for your information, insert a superscript number (in this example, the number 1 is raised above the text1) after the punctuation at the end of the sentence you need the citation for. This is your note number. This note number corresponds to a footnote at the bottom of your page or an endnote at the end of the essay. In the footnote or endnote, list the source(s) of your information for that sentence or group of sentences. You may list more than one source in a note.
Remember - your footnotes or endnotes do not replace your bibliography at the end of the essay. You need to have both!
Each time you cite a source, you use a new number (in consecutive order: 1, 2, 3, 4, ...). Even if you use a source more than once, you use a new number each time. (The numbering system is different from many of the scientific referencing styles.)
What is the difference between the footnotes/endnotes and the bibliography?
For example, if you are using a book with only one author, the footnote/endnote looks like this:
1. Camilla Gibb, Mouthing the Words (Toronto: Pedlar Press, 1999), 7-10.
The source in the Bibliography looks like this:
Gibb, Camilla. Mouthing the Words. Toronto: Pedlar Press, 1999.
Is there anything else I should know about using CMS?
As with all the formatting styles, there are many details about how to cite your sources and how to format your essays and reports. Once you know what style you are required to use, make sure you get a style manual or visit a good website so that you can get all the details. What to include in citations and references will be different depending on the type of source you are using (i.e., book, journal article, newspaper article, edited book, website, government or legal documents, and so on), as well as the documentation style.
McGill Style is used in legal studies courses. In general, McGill style includes:
1. Footnotes:
A footnote is indicated by a superscript number which appear in-text after the information you're referencing and corresponds with a footnote at the bottom of the page. Footnotes should appear at the bottom of the same page as the text if this is possible. Footnotes should be in a smaller font and separated from the rest of your text with a horizontal line.
The footnote at the bottom of the page looks like this:
2 See Lawson v Wellesley Hospital (1975), 9 OR (2d) 677, 61 DLR (3d) 445, aff'd [1978] 1 SCR 893, 76 DLR (3d) 688 [Lawson] (duty of hospital to protect patient);Stewart v Extendicare, [1986] 4 WWR 559, 38 CCLT 67 (Sask QB) [Stewarf] (duty of nursing home to protect resident).
2. Bibliography:
Your bibliography will be located at the end of your paper and will be organized according to category of source material. List the type of source as a heading centered in the middle of the page.
While your footnotes are located at the bottom of the same page as the information you are referencing, your bibliography appears at the end of the essay. The bibliography lists all of your sources at the end of your paper, without footnote numbers, and includes the same information that you listed in the footnote. McGill style bibliographies are different from other reference lists and bibliographies because entries are grouped by type of source. The bibliography contains five main sections corresponding to different types of sources: Legislation, Jurisprudence, Government Documents, International Materials and Secondary Materials. Secondary Materials should be organized by type.
How do I use ibid and supra in the footnotes section?
These terms are used in McGill style footnotes as a shorthand to indicate where to find the complete footnote reference for a source. The first time you use a source, you provide the full bibliographic information; subsequent references to a source can be shortened using these terms.
Ibid
• Means "in the same place"
• Use Ibid if you are using the same source in footnotes that immediately follow each other.
For example,
3 Heustis v New Brunswick Electric Power Commission, [1979] 2 SCR 768, 98 DLR (3d) 622 [Heustis cited to SCR].
4 Ibid at 780-82.
5 Ibid.
Supra note
• Means "above"
• Use Supra to refer to a source you have used already, but which is not consecutive; "supra" means above, and "note" gives the number of the footnote with the bibliographic information.
For example:
1 MacMillan Bloedel Ltd v British Columbia (AG) (1996), 22 BCLR (3d) 137 at 147, 30 WCB (2d) 446 (CA) [MacMillan]; Towne Cinema Theaters Ltd v R, [1985] 1 SCR 494 at 501, 18 DLR (4th) 1 [Towne Cinema].
2 Heustis v New Brunswick Electric Power Commission, [1979] 2 SCR 768, 98 DLR (3d) 622 [Heustis cited to SCR].
3 MacMillan, supra note 1.
4 Quebec (AG) v A, 2013 SCC 5 [Eric v Lola].
5 MacMillan, supra note 1 at 140.
Pinpoints
Pinpoints indicate the specific location or page number of the information being cited in a source and are especially necessary when citing specific ideas or quotes.
For example, the highlighted part is a pinpoint:
10 R v Ruzic, 2001 SCC 24 at para 2, [2001] 1 SCR 687 [Ruzic].
You can use pinpoints to specify page numbers, paragraphs, sections, articles and footnotes:
Page: at 123.
Pages: at 123-129.
Paragraph: at para 7.
Paragraphs: at paras 7, 10.
Section: s 8(1).
Sections: ss 8(1)
Article: art 122.
Articles: arts 50-200.
Footnote: n 27.
Footnotes: nn 22, 27-44.
Introductory Signals:
An introductory signal introduces materials that you are using in your essay and indicate the relationship between your argument and that of the author of the source you are referencing.
Introductory signals can be used in the main text of your work and in your footnotes when further explanation is needed. The McGill guide outlines specific terms to use for the introduction of certain types of citations for the sake of uniformity and convenience.
Yes, in-text citations are used, but only in the Memoranda and Facta sections of legal writing.
In a Memorandum section:
In brackets immediately following the text being paraphrased, include the same information that you would in footnotes. If you will be citing the source again, the first citation of a source should also include a short-form version of the source name at the end the citation. This short form is used for subsequent citations for the source. You must provide full citations in the footnotes.
For example,
Main body of text making reference to Hill case. (Hill v Church of Scientology of Toronto, [1995] 2 SCR 1130 at para 196, 184 NR 1, Cory J [Hill]).
In a Factum section:
In the factum paragraphs, only short forms are used in in-text citations.
Ex:
... (Hill), ...
... (Whiten).
All of the full citations are listed after each paragraph.
For example:
Hill v Church of Scientology of Toronto , [1995] 2 SCR 1130 at para 196, 184 NR 1, Cory J [Hill].
Whitten v Pilot Insurance , 2002 SSC 18 at paras 69, 101, 110, [2002] 1 SCR 595. [Whiten].
Is there anything else I should know about using the McGill Guide style?
Once you know what style you are required to use, make sure you get a style manual or visit a good website so that you can get all the details. What to include in citations and references/bibliographies will be different depending on the type of source you are using (i.e., book, journal article, newspaper article, edited book, website, government or legal documents, and so on) as well as the documentation style.
MLA style is always used in English literature courses, but has also been adopted by other disciplines. MLA style uses parenthetical in-text citations and a Works Cited list at the end of the paper.
Note that unlike APA format, MLA style for citations does not include the year of publication and does not use commas in the citation. It does include page number(s) in the citation. For example, a citation for a direct quote looks like this: "research by psychologists seems to suggest that the best way to prevent cheating is to create a campus-wide culture of academic integrity" (Novotney 54).
The Works Cited section is located at the end of the essay. It is an alphabetical list of all the sources you used (and cited) in the text of your paper. Each source in the Works Cited list includes complete bibliographic information.
For example:
For the in-text citation, include the name(s) of the author(s), followed by the page number, inside parentheses (brackets), placed directly after the paraphrased or quoted information.
(Novotney 54).
How do I create the "Works Cited" section in MLA style?
The Works Cited list includes complete bibliographic information. Different types of sources (i.e., book, journal article, newspaper article, edited book, website, etc.) include different information. One example is provided below, but you must consult a reliable website or the MLA manual to make sure you are correctly formatting your citations and Works Cited list.
Works Cited reference for a book:
Klein, Naomi. The Shock Doctrine: the Rise of Disaster Capitalism. New York: Metropolitan Books/Henry Holt, 2007. Print.
Works Cited reference for an online journal article:
For quotations shorter than four lines, integrate the quote into your sentence or paragraph and place the parenthetical in-text citation immediately following the end quotation mark but before the period, as follows: According to recent psychological research, "the best way to prevent cheating is to create a campus-wide culture of academic integrity" (Novotney 54).
For quotations longer than four lines, you must set the quotation off by using a block indent for the quoted lines. No quotation marks are used and the parenthetical in-text citation is placed after the period, as follows:
There is also evidence that students care about academic integrity as much as their professors:
At the University of California, San Diego, for example, the student-led group Academic Integrity Matters! (AIM!) is circulating a student petition that calls on faculty to provide more education on academic integrity, state more explicitly the rules for academic integrity in the classroom and report all cheating when they see it. The petition spawned from a recent survey AIM! developed asking professors for their opinions on the current state of academic integrity at UCSD, says Nick Graham, the UCSD student who led the development of the petition. (Novotney 55)
Is there anything else I should know about using MLA?
Ask your professor whether URLs are required for your online sources. Since URLs change so often, the MLA guide recommends only including URLs for sources that would be hard to find otherwise. If you need to include a URL, place it inside angle brackets: < > brackets. Unless your professor requires otherwise, URLs should not be made into hyperlinks. For example, <https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/747/01/>
NOTE: Every source cited in your works cited list should include the medium that the source was published in (Print, Web, DVD, Television, etc.).
As with all the formatting styles, there are many specific details about how to cite your sources and how to format your essays and reports. Once you know what style you are required to use, make sure you get a style manual or visit a good website so that you can get all the details.
Statistics Canada provides a good overview of how to correctly cite statistics. The main page is at: http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/12-591-x/12-591-x2009001-eng.htm . The method is broken down into 3 steps.
Step 1 is to identify the category of the product or service you want to cite.
Go to: http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/12-591-x/2009001/01-step-etape-eng.htm
Click on: "Identify the category of the product or service you want to cite".
Step 2 is to identify the essential elements of information to include in your reference.
Go to: http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/12-591-x/2009001/02-step-etape-eng.htm
Click on: "Identify the essential elements of information to include in your reference".
Step 3 is to tweak the information to fit your preferred style to finish your reference.
Go to: http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/12-591-x/2009001/03-step-etape-eng.htm
To learn how to: "Use your preferred style to finish your reference", you will need to adapt the citation templates from "step 2" for the citation style you are using. Typically this will require you to use the same relevant information, just in a slightly different order or style; for example using quotation marks or italics for different elements.
Instructions: Answer all the questions and click submit at the end. You can download or print your grade summary and certificate of completion.
